Transport is the largest producer of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the European Union (EU), contributing almost 30% to the total. Heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), primarily commercial trucks and buses, are responsible for 26% of these emissions. Adoption
of electric vehicles is expanding in the light-duty sector in Europe, but the heavy-duty sector relies almost entirely on internal combustion (diesel) powertrains; in 2021, zero emission HDVs represented only 1% of new HDV registrations in the EU.